Fine grain frost-susceptible soil, moisture that continuously supplies water to ice lenses, and freezing temperature are the basic elements of frost heave action. When temperature declines, the ice ...

2. Surcharge loads Acting on Retaining Wall Surcharge loads acting on retaining walls are additional vertical loads that used to the backfill soil above the top of the wall. It can be either dead ...

Reading time: 1 minute In an era when sustainability has become an important benchmark for forward-thinking buildings, it's inspiring to see how far architecture and design have come in the pursuit of ...

Reading time: 1 minute There are various types of leveling used in surveying for measurement of level difference of different points with respect to a fixed point. This is useful in various civil ...

Reading time: 1 minute Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is a type of material wherein a polymer is reinforced with fibers, falling into the category of composite materials. These materials are ...

Mentioned below are the 12 basic components a building structure. Roof Parapet Lintels Beams Columns Damp proof course (DPC) Walls Floor Stairs Plinth Beam Foundation Plinth 1. Roof The roof forms the ...

Reading time: 1 minute Construction tools list for building construction works such as concrete, brick masonry, leveling, wood works, floor works, slab works, brick laying, plastering etc. is provided ...

5. WBM Roads Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in its base course. The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after sprinkling water. WBM roads provide better ...

4. Baffle Fishway Baffle fishway is another type of fishway which is in the form of a rectangular channel with a series of equally spaced baffles perpendicular to the direction of flow. Generally, in ...

Reading time: 1 minute Epoxy is a paint, plastic, adhesive, or thermoset plastic material made by mixing two or more industrial chemical compounds to provide a high degree of resistance against wear ...

Reading time: 1 minute Sustainable building materials are becoming increasingly popular as more and more people focus on preserving the environment. As architects, construction workers, and homeowners ...

Reading time: 1 minute Curtain wall system comprises one of the elements of facade technology in high rise building. Facades involves window wall, cladding elements and curtain walls which generates ...